The Origins and Evolution of Emergency Medical Services for Children.

The emergency medical services for children (EMSC) program was established in 1984 to improve the quality of emergency care for children. Since that time, all 50 states and Washington, DC, 5 US territories, and 3 freely associated states have received federal funding to achieve this goal. There have been many unique training and education programs developed, along with quality improvement and pediatric research initiatives. This article provides a history of the EMSC program and its accomplishments. [Pediatr Ann. 2021;50(4):e150-e154.].

Estudio histórico hemerográfico sobre la Escuela Nacional de Puericultura. Antecedentes de la Pediatría Social y mirada crítica a la maternología y la perspectiva de género / Historical newspaper study on the National School of Childcare. History of Social Paediatrics as well as a critical look at maternity medicine and the gender perspective

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'[Her] hostess is anxious to have her back when she is cured': The impact of the evacuation of children on wartime local services, England, 1939-1945.

World War II had a profound, but uneven, impact on the delivery of services designed to support the bodies and minds of English children. This article, which is based on a study of a rural local authority located in North-West England, explores the influence of World War II on children's welfare services. Drawing on detailed case files relating to individual children and reports published by local and national policy makers, the article advances three related arguments which together nuance existing understandings of the conflict and its longer-term consequences. First, the article argues that many of the problems associated with evacuees were already familiar to medical and social work professionals. This awareness has important consequences for how we conceptualise the wartime proposals that attracted policy makers' attention. Second, the article shows that the arrival of evacuees into reception areas initially resulted in an expansion of children's services. A fuller understanding of Britain's welfare state, however, must acknowledge that local authorities continued to wield significant influence over the delivery of specialist services once the conflict ended. As a result, the priorities of local officials could lead to the needs of looked after children being overlooked despite wartime improvements to children's services. Finally, the article argues that amidst the totality of World War II, the British state remained unwilling to intrude on the rights of parents to influence the care of their children. Closer examination of the implementation of evacuation and the experiences of individuals reveals that important tensions existed between the state appointed experts and the civilians they were tasked with supporting.

Introduction to the special section: The development of infant mental health home visiting in Michigan state government.

This issue of the Infant Mental Health Journal presents the first papers from a tripartite evaluation study of state-sponsored infant mental health home visiting program in Michigan, United States. This series of studies has been led by Kate Rosenblum PhD and Maria Muzik MD, Department of Psychiatry, the University of Michigan and faculty from the Michigan Collaborative for Infant Mental Health Research for the State of Michigan, Department of Health and Human Services, Mental Health Services for Children, to fulfill the requirements of state legislation (State of Michigan Act No. 291, Public Acts of 2013) that required that all home visiting programs meet certain requirements to be established as an evidence-based practice. In this introduction, we provide a historical context for the delivery of infant mental health home visiting through the community mental health system in the state of Michigan.

The Michigan infant mental health home visiting model.

Selma Fraiberg's pioneering work with infants, toddlers, and families over 40 years ago led to the development of a field in which professionals from multiple disciplines learned to work with or on behalf of infants, very young children, their parents, and the relationships that bind them together. The intent was to promote social and emotional health through enhancing the security of early developing parent-child relationships in the first years of life (Fraiberg, 2018). Called infant mental health (IMH), practitioners from fields of health, education, social work, psychology, human development, nursing, pediatrics, and psychiatry specialize in supporting the optimal development of infants and the developing relationship between infants and their caregivers. When a baby is born into optimal circumstances, to parents free of undue economic and psychological stressors and who are emotionally ready to provide care and nurturing for an infant's needs, an IMH approach may be offered as promotion or prevention, with the goal of supporting new parent(s) in developing confidence in their capacity to understand and meet the needs of the tiny human they are coming to know and care for. However, when parental history is fraught with abandonment, loss, abuse or neglect, or the current environment is replete with economic insecurity, threats to survival due to interpersonal or community violence, social isolation, mental illness, or substance abuse, the work of the IMH therapist may require intervention or intensive treatment and becomes more psychotherapeutic in nature. The underlying therapeutic goal is to create a context in which the baby develops within the environment of a parent's nurturing care without the psychological impingement that parental history of trauma or loss or current stressors such as isolation, poverty, or the birth of a child with special needs, can incur.

An international teamwork: Mental hygiene in Shanghai during the 1930s and 1940s.

Mental hygiene experienced significant growth on an international level in the first half of the 20th century. A concept of American origin, mental hygiene developed into various forms in different cultural and national contexts. With a large international settlement and vibrant cultural activities, Shanghai witnessed a rise of interest in preventing mental illnesses and promoting mental health during the 1930s and early 1940s. The city gradually became one of the most important places for providing mental hygiene services in China. Apart from the establishment of mental hospitals, departments of neuropsychiatry, and child guidance clinics, people from various disciplines, sectors, and nationalities united to deliver health services to the foreign as well as local Chinese population. The present study first examines the social and cultural conditions that made possible, according to contemporary firsthand accounts, this international "teamwork." Taking the establishment of The Mercy Hospital for Nervous Diseases and the organization of child guidance clinics as examples, this study investigates the ways in which knowledge and practices of different origins were combined and transformed. In contrast to previous depictions of the development of psychiatry and mental hygiene in Republican China as a product of missionary influence, scientific progress, or social control, this study seeks to illuminate the interplay of international and local forces in negotiating the meaning of mental hygiene and creating a flexible public health model characteristic of Shanghai's political and social makeup. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

[The Regional Features of Development of the System of Children Health Care in the Kabardino-Balkaria in XX Century].

The development of health care of children in the Kabardino-Balkaria in XX century at all its stages is associated with the development of system of protection children health in Russia. To combat children mortality and to protect children health, preventive and social hygienic direction was developed. Under the leadership of local health care authorities, a network of children medical institutions was re-established in Kabarda and pediatricians began to work. However, these institutions did not supply needed medical care of children. The health of the children population during the war (1941-1945) was supported jointly by the health care authorities and other state departments and structures of the Republic. Children health care was characterized by increasing of burden of medical institutions and the holding of emergency activities under leadership of the Children's Sector and the Council for Treatment and Prevention of Children. The most difficult for health care in the Kabardino-Balkaria were the post-war years. Due to lack of funding, only in 1959-1965 children's departments began to be organized in hospitals. The preventive activities among children of early age, especially among adolescents (vaccination, anti-tuberculosis and anti-obesity measures, organization of children sanatoriums) became more active. The dynamics of development of children health in the 1960s - 1980s had a pronounced extensive character with on-going increasing of number of beds and medical personnel. At the same time, the structure of infant mortality and morbidity demonstrated presence of shortcomings in work that blocked improving of indicators of children health. The infant mortality decreased slowly in the last decade of XX century. The foundations of modern children health service were organized. New children health care institutions were put into operation and the bed fund was restructured. However, the deterioration of social economic situation in the country and the region had a negative impact on the state of children health. At the turn of the century, the system of protecting children health in the Kabardino-Balkaria required more active medical and public events of medical, social and organizational nature with the identification of the tasks of highest priority.

The theory and practice of Thomas Verner Moore's Catholic psychiatry and psychotherapy.

Thomas Verner Moore (1877-1969), a Catholic priest, psychologist, and psychiatrist, developed a Catholic psychiatry in the first half of the 20th century. Following a brief description of Moore's life, this article develops his psychiatric theory, beginning with its grounding in Thomistic philosophical thought. The relationship between reason and faith, the place of the soul in psychological theory, and a central role for Catholic moral teaching were three Thomistic principles vital to Moore's thinking. Defining psychology as the science of personality, and the study of personality as central to psychiatry, Moore articulated a theory and practice of psychotherapy that he contended was scientifically sound. Although his clinical work did not impose religious teachings on patients, if such teachings were meaningful to them, he did discuss them in sessions; moreover, Catholic moral teaching was a compass in his treatment of patients. The article includes a brief history of the psychiatric clinic that Moore first established in 1916 and its successor. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

A assistência psiquiátrica a crianças anormais no Hospital Colônia Sant'Ana (Santa Catarina, Brasil, 1940) / Psychiatric care for abnormal children at the Hospital Colônia Sant'Ana (Santa Catarina, Brazil, 1940s)

Resumo O artigo apresenta pesquisa centrada na assistência psiquiátrica destinada a crianças e jovens ditos anormais em Santa Catarina. Inicialmente, analisa-se o surgimento da ideia de "criança perigosa", ou da categoria "menor", a partir da discussão de Foucault sobre a noção de "indivíduo perigoso", para então abordarem-se as dificuldades apresentadas na institucionalização da minoridade anormal em Santa Catarina. A seguir, são questionados os vínculos existentes entre as teorias que permitem identificar as crianças ditas anormais com as ideias eugênicas. Por fim, problematiza-se a dinâmica institucional que envolvia os menores ditos anormais internados no Hospital Colônia Sant'Ana na década de 1940.

Abstract Research into the psychiatric care for so-called abnormal children and youths in the Brazilian state of Santa Catarina is presented. The emergence of the idea of the "dangerous child" or the category of "minor" is discussed, drawing on Foucault's discussion of the notion of the "dangerous individual." This is followed by a presentation of the difficulties faced in the institutionalization of abnormal minors in the aforementioned state. The links between theories that enable so-called abnormal children to be identified and the ideas of eugenics are then questioned. Finally, the institutional dynamics involving so-called abnormal children admitted to the Hospital Colônia Sant'Ana in the 1940s are scrutinized.

Short view on origins of paediatric health care in Prague.

The first charity for protection of orphans in Prague was opened in the 16th century by Italian living in Prague. The first outpatient department for sick children in Prague was opened by Johann Melitsch in 1790 in the Saint Lazare hospital in Charles Square. In the same hospital, the first paediatric department with 9 beds was opened by Eduard Kratzman in 1842. Relatively low mortality of hospitalized children that time must be explained. Sick infants were not admitted to hospitals but sent to the orphan institutes with mainly social care, therefore in middle of the 19th century the infant mortality in these establishments was extremely high, during some years nearly 100 %. The first hospital for children in Prague was built by Josef Löschner in Charles Square in 1853, where a number of distinguished paediatricians worked including Gottfried Ritter von Rittershain, who described dermatitis exfoliativa Ritter, Alois Epstein, who described Epsteins pearls by newborns, Adalbert Czerny, who studied glycogen and later became a head of Paediatric clinic in Berlin, Leopold Moll, who was an initiator of the care for mother and child and later became a head of Paediatric clinic in Vienna, Dusan Lambl, who described flagellate (nowadays Giardia lamblia) in the stool of children with diarrhoe, and Bohdan Neureutter, who after the splitting of the Charles-Ferdinand-University on the in German speaking and Czech speaking parts opened the Czech paediatric hospital at the corner of streets Benatska and Vinicna. Due to increasing requirement of paediatric beds in Prague, simultaneous constructions of two paediatric centres were started in Prague. The first, areal with four buildings for German paediatric clinic was opened in 1901, which still serve as the second largest paediatric department in Prague, of course with much lower number of beds than 100 years ago. The second one, the Czech paediatric Frantz Josef I. hospital was opened in 1902, but due to construction of the bridge across the Nusle valley was demolished in 1970 and it´s clinics were transferred to the hospital in Motol. Keywords: history of paediatric health care.

[Psychiatric care for abnormal children at the Hospital Colônia Sant'Ana (Santa Catarina, Brazil, 1940s)]. / A assistência psiquiátrica a crianças anormais no Hospital Colônia Sant'Ana (Santa Catarina, Brasil, 1940).

Research into the psychiatric care for so-called abnormal children and youths in the Brazilian state of Santa Catarina is presented. The emergence of the idea of the "dangerous child" or the category of "minor" is discussed, drawing on Foucault's discussion of the notion of the "dangerous individual." This is followed by a presentation of the difficulties faced in the institutionalization of abnormal minors in the aforementioned state. The links between theories that enable so-called abnormal children to be identified and the ideas of eugenics are then questioned. Finally, the institutional dynamics involving so-called abnormal children admitted to the Hospital Colônia Sant'Ana in the 1940s are scrutinized.

O artigo apresenta pesquisa centrada na assistência psiquiátrica destinada a crianças e jovens ditos anormais em Santa Catarina. Inicialmente, analisa-se o surgimento da ideia de "criança perigosa", ou da categoria "menor", a partir da discussão de Foucault sobre a noção de "indivíduo perigoso", para então abordarem-se as dificuldades apresentadas na institucionalização da minoridade anormal em Santa Catarina. A seguir, são questionados os vínculos existentes entre as teorias que permitem identificar as crianças ditas anormais com as ideias eugênicas. Por fim, problematiza-se a dinâmica institucional que envolvia os menores ditos anormais internados no Hospital Colônia Sant'Ana na década de 1940.